Software Language Processing Suite

Grammar Zoo | Grammar Tank

The objective of the Grammar Zoo is to accumulate grammars of contemporary programming languages, extracted and recovered from language documentation, parser specifications and other artifacts and make them available in a range of formats.

42 grammars and counting

Ada — C — C++ — C# — Dart — Eiffel — Fortran — Java — Modula — XPath — Wiki

Ada

Ada 95 — Ada 2005

Ada 95 (4 grammars)

Source: Magnus Kempe, Ada 95 Reference Manual, Hypertext version (1994–1997) [ReadMe] [TOC] [Annex]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter] [post-extract.xbgf]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

Source: Ralf Lämmel, Chris Verhoef. Engineering of Grammarware. Browsable Ada 95 Grammar 1.0. (December 2000) [ReadMe] [Grammar]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

Source: International Standard ISO/IEC 8652/1995(E) with Technical Corrigendum 1. Consolidated Ada Reference Manual. Language and Standard Libraries. Also published as LNCS 2219 with Taft, T.S.; Duff, R.A.; Brukardt, R.L.; Ploedereder, E. as editors. (2001), Annex P, pages 497–512 [ReadMe] [DOI]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter] [post-extract.xbgf]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

Source: Oliver Kellogg, ada.g (2003) [ReadMe] [ANTLR]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [ANTLR2.rsc] [antlrpp.py] [StrippedANTLR.g] [post-extract.xbgf]

Ada 2005

Source: International Standard ISO/IEC 8652/1995(E) with Technical Corrigendum 1 and Amendment 1. Ada 2005 Reference Manual. Language and Standard Libraries. Also published as LNCS 4348 with Taft, S.T.; Duff, R.A.; Brukardt, R.L.; Ploedereder, E.; Leroy, P. as editors. (2006), Annex P, pages 675–692 [ReadMe] [DOI]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter] [post-extract.xbgf]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

C

ISO C 1999 — ISO C 2005 — ISO C 2007

ISO C 1999

Source: ISO/IEC 9899:1999(E) Programming languages — C (December 1999), Annex A, pages 402–416 [ReadMe]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]

ISO C 2005

Source: ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 WG14/N1124 Committee Draft (May 2005), Annex A, pages 403–417 [ReadMe]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

ISO C 2007

Source: ISO/IEC 9899:TC3 WG14/N1256 Committee Draft (September 2007), Annex A, pages 403–418 [ReadMe]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

C++

ISO C++ 1998 — ISO C++ 2008

ISO C++ 1998

Source: ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Programming languages — C++. First edition (September 1998), Annex A, pages 667–684 [ReadMe]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter] [post-extract.xbgf]

ISO C++ 2008

Source: ISO/IEC SC22/WG21 N2723=08-0233 Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++ (August 2008), Annex A, pages 1089–1101 [ReadMe]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

C#

C# 1.x — C# 2.0 — C# 3.0 — C# 4.0

C# 1.x (6 grammars)

Source: ECMA International Standard ECMA-334, 1^st edition (December 2001), Appendix A, pages 339–364 [ReadMe] [Archive] [PDF]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]
Post-extraction tools: [post-extract.xbgf]

Source: ECMA International Standard ECMA-334, 2^nd edition (December 2002), Appendix A, pages 335–360 [ReadMe] [Archive] [PDF]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]

Source: Vadim Zaytsev, ECMA-334 C# Grammar Recovered. (2005) [ReadMe] [Online]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [GDK] [LLL.EDD] [Hunter]
Transformation tools: [deyaccify] [adapt] [disambiguate] [fixerrors] [expressions] [modularise]
V. Zaytsev. Correct C# Grammar too Sharp for ISO. GTTSE 2005. Extended abstract. [GTTSE] [LPPR] [Abstract] [Slides]

Source: ISO/IEC 23270:2003(E) Information technology — Programming languages — C#. First edition (2003) [ReadMe]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [LLL.EDD] [Hunter]

Source: Microsoft, C# Language Specification. Version 1.0 (2002) [ReadMe] [DOC]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]

Source: C# Language Specification. Version 1.2 (2003) [ReadMe] [DOC]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]

C# 2.0 (3 grammars)

Source: ECMA International Standard ECMA-334, 3^rd edition (June 2005) [ReadMe] [Archive] [PDF]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]

Source: ECMA International Standard ECMA-334, 4^th edition (June 2006) [ReadMe] [Standard] [PDF]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

Source: ISO/IEC 23270:2006(E) Information technology — Programming languages — C#. Second edition (September 2006) [ReadMe] [Standard] [PDF.ZIP]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]

C# 3.0

Source: C# Language Specification. Version 3.0 (2007) [ReadMe] [DOC]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

C# 4.0

Source: C# Language Specification. Version 4.0 (2010) [ReadMe] [DOC]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [PDF⇒LLL] [LLL⇒BGF]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

Dart

Google Dart — Dart Specification 0.01 — Dart Specification 0.05

Google Dart

Source: Google, Inc., Dart subversion repository (October 2011), bleeding edge branch, revision 14 [ReadMe] [Online]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [ANTLR3.rsc] [antlrpp.py] [StrippedANTLR.g] [post-extraction.xbgf]

Dart Specification 0.01

Source: The Dart Team, Dart Programming Language Specification, Draft Version 0.01 (October 2011) [ReadMe] [Online]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter] [replacements] [post-extract.xbgf]
Recovery tools: [fix-spaces.xbgf] [drop-empty-alternatives.xbgf] [unite-misspellings.xbgf] [emulate-negation.xbgf] [emulate-omission.xbgf] [correct.xbgf] [complete.xbgf]

Dart Specification 0.05

Source: The Dart Team, Dart Programming Language Specification, Draft Version 0.05 (November 2011) [ReadMe] [Online]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter] [getgrammar.py] [replacements]

Eiffel

Eiffel

Eiffel (2 grammars)

Source: Eric Bezault, Eiffel: The Syntax (1999) [ReadMe] [Online]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter] [post-extract.xbgf]
Recovery tools: [complete.xbgf]

Source: ISO/IEC 25436:2006(E) Information technology — Eiffel: Analysis, Design and Programming Language (2006), Syntax sections collected from pages 30–158 [ReadMe] [ISO]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter] [post-extract.xbgf]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

Fortran

Fortran-90

Fortran-90

Source: Jan Derricks, Fortran90.sdf (12 July 2007) [ReadMe] [MetaEnv]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [Main.sdf] [Main.asf] [Tokens.sdf] [Tokens.asf]
Recovery tools: [subgrammar.py] [refactor.xbgf]
J. Derricks. Fortran grammatica-extractie. MSc thesis, 2007. [Abstract] [Thesis]

Java

JDK 1.0 aka Java 1 — J2SE 1.2 “Playground” aka Java 2 — J2SE 5.0 “Tiger” aka Java 5

JDK 1.0 aka Java 1 (2 grammars)

Source: James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Java Language Specification (1996) [ReadMe] [HTML] [PDF]
Readable grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [HTML⇒BGF]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. SCAM 2009. [SCAM] [Abstract] [Paper] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Reverse Engineering Grammar Relationships. WSR 2010. [WSR] [Abstract] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. ACM CoRR; SQJ 19:2. [SQJ] [arXiv] [Paper]

Source: James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Java Language Specification (1996), §19: LALR(1) Grammar, pages 439–453 [ReadMe] [HTML] [PDF]
Implementable grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [HTML⇒BGF]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. SCAM 2009. [SCAM] [Abstract] [Paper] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Reverse Engineering Grammar Relationships. WSR 2010. [WSR] [Abstract] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. ACM CoRR; SQJ 19:2. [SQJ] [arXiv] [Paper]

J2SE 1.2 “Playground” aka Java 2 (2 grammars)

Source: James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Gilad Bracha, Java Language Specification Second Edition (1998) [ReadMe] [HTML] [PDF]
Readable grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [HTML⇒BGF]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. SCAM 2009. [SCAM] [Abstract] [Paper] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Reverse Engineering Grammar Relationships. WSR 2010. [WSR] [Abstract] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. ACM CoRR; SQJ 19:2. [SQJ] [arXiv] [Paper]

Source: James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Gilad Bracha, Java Language Specification Second Edition (1998), §18: Syntax, pages 449–456 [ReadMe] [HTML] [PDF]
Implementable grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [HTML⇒BGF]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. SCAM 2009. [SCAM] [Abstract] [Paper] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Reverse Engineering Grammar Relationships. WSR 2010. [WSR] [Abstract] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. ACM CoRR; SQJ 19:2. [SQJ] [arXiv] [Paper]

J2SE 5.0 “Tiger” aka Java 5 (6 grammars)

Source: James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Gilad Bracha, Java Language Specification Third Edition (2004) [ReadMe] [HTML] [PDF]
Readable grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [HTML⇒BGF]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. SCAM 2009. [SCAM] [Abstract] [Paper] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Reverse Engineering Grammar Relationships. WSR 2010. [WSR] [Abstract] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. ACM CoRR; SQJ 19:2. [SQJ] [arXiv] [Paper]

Source: James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Gilad Bracha, Java Language Specification Third Edition (2004), §18: Syntax, pages 585–596 [ReadMe] [HTML] [PDF]
Implementable grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [HTML⇒BGF]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. SCAM 2009. [SCAM] [Abstract] [Paper] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Reverse Engineering Grammar Relationships. WSR 2010. [WSR] [Abstract] [Slides]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Recovering Grammar Relationships for the Java Language Specification. ACM CoRR; SQJ 19:2. [SQJ] [arXiv] [Paper]

Source: Michael Stahl, java15.g (2004) [ReadMe] [ANTLR2.ZIP]
Stahl grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Recovery tools: [ANTLR2.rsc] [antlrpp.py] [StrippedANTLR.g] [post-extraction.xbgf]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Comparison of Context-free Grammars Based on Parsing Generated Test Data. [Draft] [Online]

Source: Michael Studman, java15.g (2004) [ReadMe] [ANTLR2]
Studman grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Recovery tools: [ANTLR2.rsc] [antlrpp.py] [StrippedANTLR.g] [post-extraction.xbgf]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Comparison of Context-free Grammars Based on Parsing Generated Test Data. [Draft] [Online]

Source: Terence Parr, Java.g (2006) [ReadMe] [ANTLR3]
Parr grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Recovery tools: [ANTLR3.rsc] [antlrpp.py] [StrippedANTLR.g] [post-extraction.xbgf]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Comparison of Context-free Grammars Based on Parsing Generated Test Data. [Draft] [Online]

Source: Dieter Habelitz, Java.g (2008) [ReadMe] [ANTLR3]
Habelitz grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Recovery tools: [ANTLR3.rsc] [antlrpp.py] [StrippedANTLR.g] [post-extraction.xbgf]
R. Lämmel, V. Zaytsev. Comparison of Context-free Grammars Based on Parsing Generated Test Data. [Draft] [Online]

Modula

Modula-3

Modula-3 (2 grammars)

Source: Luca Cardelli, James Donahue, Lucille Glassman, Mick Jordan, Bill Kalsow, Greg Nelson, SRC 052: Modula-3 Report (revised) (1 November 1989), §9 Syntax, pages 56–60 [ReadMe]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter]
Recovery tools: [complete.xbgf] [refactor.xbgf]

Source: Jurgen Vinju, Tijs van der Storm, Modula-3.sdf (13 February 2006 – 19 September 2008) [ReadMe] [MetaEnv]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [Main.sdf] [Main.asf] [Tokens.sdf] [Tokens.asf]
Recovery tools: [subgrammar.py] [refactor.xbgf]

XPath

XPath 1.0

XPath 1.0

Source: XML Path Language (XPath), Version 1.0, W3C Recommendation (16 November 1999) [ReadMe] [XML] [HTML]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [spec2bgf.xslt] [postfix2confix.xslt] [cleanup.xslt] [normalize.xbgf]
V. Zaytsev, R. Lämmel. A Unified Format for Language Documents. SLE 2010. [SLE] [Paper] [Slides]

Wiki

MediaWiki in BNF — MediaWiki in EBNF

MediaWiki in BNF

Source: MediaWiki, Markup spec/BNF/Article title, Revision 295042 (28 December 2009) [Page]
Source: MediaWiki, Markup spec/BNF/Article, Revision 281674 (17 October 2009) [Page]
Source: MediaWiki, Markup spec/BNF/Noparse-block, Revision 372814 (30 December 2010) [Page]
Source: MediaWiki, Markup spec/BNF/Links, Revision 376721 (18 January 2011) [Page]
Source: MediaWiki, Markup spec/BNF/Magic links, Revision 269783 (8 August 2009) [Page]
Source: MediaWiki, Markup spec/BNF/Special block, Revision 281676 (17 October 2009) [Page]
Source: MediaWiki, Markup spec/BNF/Inline text, Revision 295055 (29 December 2009) [Page]
Source: MediaWiki, Markup spec/BNF/Fundamental elements, Revision 212918 (17 September 2008) [Page]
Recovered grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [EDD] [EDD] [EDD] [EDD] [Hunter]
Recovery tools: [utilise-repetition.xbgf] [remove-concatenation.xbgf] [remove-extension-points.xbgf] [remove-php-legacy.xbgf] [deyaccify.xbgf] [remove-comments.xbgf] [remove-lookahead.xbgf] [remove-duplicates.xbgf] [dehtmlify.xbgf] [utilise-question.xbgf] [fix-markup.xbgf] [define-special-symbols.xbgf] [fake-exclusion.xbgf] [remove-postfix-case.xbgf] [fix-names.xbgf] [unify-whitespace.xbgf] [connect-grammar.xbgf] [refactor-repetition.xbgf] [define-lexicals.xbgf]
V. Zaytsev. MediaWiki Grammar Recovery. ACM CoRR. [arXiv] [Paper]

MediaWiki in EBNF

Source: MediaWiki, Markup spec/EBNF, Revision 335623 (5 July 2010) [Page]
Extracted grammar: [Browsable] [BGF] [EBNF] [DMS BNF] [SDF] [Rascal]
Extraction tools: [EDD] [Hunter] [post-extract.xbgf]
Recovery tools: [correct.xbgf]

Appendix: Notations and Formats

Export tools: [BGF⇒HTML] [BGF⇒BNF] [BGF⇒DMS] [BGF⇒SDF] [BGF⇒Rascal]
Browsable (hypertext) format: [W3C XHTML Rec]
BNF-like Grammar Format: [Schema] [W3C XML Rec] [W3C XSD WD 1] [W3C XSD WD 2]
Grammar Deployment Kit: [GDK] [LLL Reference]
DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit: [DMS]
Syntax Definition Formalism: [SDF Introduction] [SDF Manual] [Wikipedia] [MetaEnv]
Rascal Meta Programming Language: [Rascal MPL] [SWAT]

All grammars are distributed on terms of the CC-BY license as well as on terms of any other license bound to the source of our research in a way that enforces its propagation to derivatives.

The page is maintained by Dr. Vadim Zaytsev a.k.a. @grammarware. Last updated: 28/02/2012[↑SLPS]